In my previous articles, I illustrated that to conduct “good” Marketing Research, you must Ask the “Right” Questions, of the “Right” People. In this final installment in the series, I explore Asking at the “Right” Time.
Timing research correctly should be obvious. Determine when you need the information to make a decision, how long the research will take, and count back on the calendar to determine when you need to start. But, as with asking the “Right” questions of the “Right” people, it is not always that simple. There are five questions to consider relative to timing when planning research:
Is there enough time to conduct the research? Sometimes you just don’t have the time you need to conduct the research that is necessary. Early in my career, a product manager asked me to provide a proposal to research a new product innovation that was under development. It was the end of March. I was excited by the chance to build a comprehensive research program to assess the feasibility of a product, not only new to the company but a true innovation in the industry. I wrote a proposal that included secondary research, qualitative research, and a number of step-wise quantitative studies, all culminating in an estimate of demand for the new product. The whole program would take 12-15 months, which I felt was pretty efficient considering the scope. But the product manager rejected my plan, not because of the expense, but because of the timing. You see, the product under development was already scheduled to be launched on November 2 of that same year. The launch was on a published schedule at a major industry conference and the company CEO was already slated to make the announcement. So, there was no time to execute any research to support the development and launch of the product.
Are you blessed with too much time? I once rushed a research project into the field at the end of the year to make sure that we used up the money that was in our budget. It was a prudent thing to do from a budgetary standpoint, but it wasn’t effective for the business. I presented the results of the research in January of the following year, only to find that the insights were no longer relevant because the entire marketing program upon which the research was predicated was to be radically changed in the next month.
Do you need to have measurements before and after an event or campaign? If you are conducting a Pre-Post study, you must be sure that the Pre phase of the research is completed before the event that you want to measure in the Post phase begins. If you are measuring the effectiveness of an advertising campaign, the Pre phase must be completed before the ad campaign is launched. Sometimes, it’s impossible to conduct a Pre phase. For example, last April, I was asked if we could compare attitudes of people about healthcare before the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time, without a 1985 DeLorean equipped with a Flux Capacitor, it was impossible to conduct a Pre COVID-19 survey.
Can your timing be interrupted by external forces? I was managing a packaging test for a brand of fruit juices utilizing personal interviews in three cities. We had a tight timeline to finish the research to provide input to the manufacturer to coincide with the completion of the packaging production facility. Everything was right on schedule until the interviewing facility outside of Los Angeles had to evacuate due to out-of-control wildfires. Fortunately, no one was hurt, but external forces beyond our control delayed our project by a full week.
Is this a good time to be conducting any research? There may not be a “Right” time to conduct a research project and perhaps the best decision is to delay or not do any research. For example, you shouldn’t be testing a new technology before you have a working prototype. I once tried to test a new smartphone concept in focus groups when we only had a wooden model to show respondents. They could not understand the concept at all. Delaying the research until we could better demonstrate the product led to more useful insights.
Timing is a critical component of any research program. By asking these five questions as part of your research planning, you can avoid making errors and wasting resources.
For more on this and other Marketing Research topics, follow me on LinkedIn or reach out to me at carl_fusco@yahoo.com if I can help you in any way.
Carl Fusco
Carl Fusco is an accomplished Marketing Research Consultant who helps businesses more effectively solve problems by applying research techniques and data-based insights.
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“Only a life lived in the service to others is worth living.” Albert Einstein
Stephen Dawson, DSL
I met Melissa in the summer of 1983 at a teenager retreat. We spent a lot of time together with the other teenagers and alone with each other during the retreat. We became quite fond of one another. We lived several hundred miles from one another. We ended our time together, wanting more of a relationship. Melissa wrote me a letter a month later she had decided there is no future for our relationship. She planned to spend some of her college years in both the United States and France. She did not see a way we could grow our relationship with distance.
I cried for an hour after I read the letter. I knew she was 100% correct. She had much more intelligence than me, much more class than me, and her family was much more wealthy than mine. There were no viable means to grow our relationship. I ran into her several months later, unexpectedly. Our conversation was awkward. We wanted to continue our relationship, but the spark was gone. I have not talked with her or seen her since that day.
Melissa served both me and us with her leadership demonstrated in her letter. She considered the facts, made a choice, and communicated herself well. Her efforts form the basis for a successful leadership strategy.
Consider the attributes of this story. Then, consider how your people, the followers of your leadership, are wondering how to grow a relationship with you. Who makes the first move? Who makes the next move? How will these moves be made? Oh, and there is accomplishing the work they are being paid to do.
I shared in-depth recently about love. I also shared leading by serving is a formal leadership style. I shared over the past several weeks how leaders I identified have demonstrated love to their followers, along with those outside of their organization. If things went well for you this past week, then you are wondering now how to deliver love to your followers. If things did not go well for you last week, then you are wondering now if loving your followers is worth the hassle. Let’s talk about the second item first, and then we will cover the first item.
HASSLE AVOIDANCE OPTIONS
I see there are three options when it comes to relating to people. The first option is to love them. The second option is to hate them. The final option is to care less about them. This final option may be considered to be a form of hate, but I identify it as a form of ambivalence. It is not a form of apathy.
If I know my leader hates me, then there is no point in my trying to follow them. I may be forced to follow them, but I will not perform at my best potential to deliver my work. It seems to me this combination is an inescapable attribute of humanity.
If I know my leader is unsure of either their love or hatred for me, then I am thinking the day will come when they chose to either love or hate me. I will wonder which option they will choose with more and more thought devoted to this wondering until the day comes when they make their choice. I will not focus entirely on my work, as I will have part of my attention direct elsewhere. It seems to me this combination is an inescapable attribute of humanity.
If I know neither hatred nor ambivalence empowers my followers to work fully to accomplish their work, then it makes sense to be the only viable option is to love them. I know of no credible evidence where I should conserve love. Conserve, in the form of holding back at some point. I may be too tired to give love, but this condition is a call to rest instead of a call not to give love. If I want the best return for my investment of time, money, and perhaps even a bit of social status, then it makes sense to me to maximize my investment of love into my followers so they will have the best potential to deliver to me the work I ask them, and perhaps am even paying them, to accomplish.
LOVE DELIVERY OPTIONS
A relationship involves two or more people. If I have thousands of people in my organization, then it is impossible to spend individual time with each other. I must work with my direct reports to accomplish loving all followers of my leadership. I must instruct, model, and require my direct reports to love their direct reports, all the way to the lowest level of the organization. This step is what I call a mandate.
Next, I must know my direct reports are doing what I mandate of them. I must go to those at different levels in my organization and ask them individually to tell me their understanding of the mandate to understand what I required in my mandate is being accomplished. Talking in person is better. Talking by video is better than only audio. However, audio talking is better than not talking. It is more effective to go to the middle of the organization first, then the bottom when having these talks. This approach gives me accurate first-hand findings quite quickly. This step is what I call a measurement.
Next, I take any corrective action necessary to match what I mandated with what I measured to eliminate any variance. This action occurs speedily over a day or so. This step is what I call a demand.
If any of my direct reports disagree with my leadership, then it is best either I change my leadership, or they cease reporting to me. I am willing to discuss how I accomplish my work. I am not willing to discuss what I mandate. A mandate is derived by what I know must happen to preserve the organization, to grow it, and perhaps even turn it over to another leader at some future date. I know a mandate by the intersection of my worldview, my ethics, and my morals.
So, how about the followers? There must be enough of an intersection between leader and follower in their worldview, ethics, and morality for them to be able to accomplish the work in their hand. The best practices of both diversity and inclusion tell me I have a better chance of success with as much input as I can receive. Yes, there is a condition known as analysis paralysis. This condition is when a person cannot act on their work because they are taking in too many considerations. We covered this condition when we discussed being scared. The inputs never stop. So, it is best to have as diverse a follower set as I can have in my organization to ensure I have the most inputs possible. Furthermore, I had better love each of them if I expect each of them to be included in my organization by their choosing to do the work I have put into their hand.
BONDSERVANT
It is my considered position my loving anyone is a choice I must make daily. I must choose to make myself indebted to love. I do not force anyone to love me. It is impossible to achieve this action, so there is no reason to try and do it.
The idea here is to have a continuous conversation that matters. Matters, in the form of contributing productively to the desired outcome. It is spending the time talking about what organization members are supposed to be talking about: their work. Then, the purposeful conversations occur at all levels of the organization.
CAPTURING
Now, it is time to write out your action plan to know with certainty how you are going to lead your followers by means of love. Review the material we covered in our discussion on the topic of love. Then, write out a table with the following structure:
Column One, HOW. Write a sentence of how you will deliver love to your followers.
Column Two, STORGE. This column is populated with entries of YES or NO based on HOW you deliver love.
Column Three, PHILIA. This column is populated with entries of YES or NO based on HOW you deliver love.
Column Four, EROS. This column is populated with entries of YES or NO based on HOW you deliver love.
Column Five, AGAPE. This column is populated with entries of YES or NO based on HOW you deliver love.
This table now contains your Love Action Items list.
You should be able to write out twenty sentences of HOW you will deliver love without expending much effort. I encourage you to keep each sentence as short as possible while maintaining your clarity. Write out the HOW entries first, then come back and identify which love definition each HOW item matches. The result is each row in your table telling a specific action, matched with one or more specific love definitions, for anyone impacted by your leadership to understand your leadership style better. If you need some help with the HOW part, then read some of the work accomplished by Gary Chapman. Chapman realized there are five common love communication mechanisms.
My strategic partner David Daniels shared with me his thoughts on forming the Love Action Items list. “I have always welcomed different points of view, as long as they came from a positioning of the organization’s values and mission. However, once a decision was made, I fully expected my team to embrace and support the direction. I have watched so many situations where leadership gave the appearance of support to the leader and then went out and trashed the direction or lent unenthusiastic support of it.” I agree with David’s viewpoint. It is best to write your Love Action Items list from the position your people changes may involve changing some of your people who report to you directly, whether or not they serve as leaders.
Your analysis of your table containing your Love Action Items list will help you plan to deliver love to your followers. The best news is your followers will know how you are planning to act, know instantly how your actions match your plan and are empowered to contribute to your table by adding rows as you approve. The key here is your HOW items need to be received by your followers, and your followers HOW items need to be received by you.
Now, some good news. The four types of love expressed through five different options work out to be 465 different combination options. Clearly, there is no shortage of options available to anyone desiring to love anyone. Do some reading on permutations and combinatorics to learn more about combinations. Remember, the leader-follower relationship must work in harmony and not be forced to be effective. We will discuss the work you accomplished with your Love Action Items list next week.
So, I ask you: where do you want to go? I hope your answer is to develop the plans necessary to accomplish the strategy you know you need to achieve to arrive at your desired destination. If this is the case, then let’s get to work. If not, then I wish you the best of everything.
I hope we will see each other here next week. Email me if you need to talk before then.
Dr. Stephen H. Dawson, DSL
Executive Strategy Consultant
Dr. Stephen H Dawson
Stephen Dawson is an executive consultant of technology and business strategy, serving significant international organizations by providing leadership consulting, strategic planning, and executive communications. He has more than thirty years of service and consulting experience in delivering successful international business development and program management outcomes in the US and SE Asia. His weekly column, “Where Do You Want To Go?,” appears on Thursdays.
Dr. Dawson has served in the technology, banking, and hospitality industries. He is a noted strategic planning visionary. His pursuit of music has been matched with his efforts to lead by service to followers. He holds the clear understanding a leader without followers is a person taking a long walk alone.
Stephen has lived his life in the eastern United States, visiting most of the United States and several countries. He is a graduate of the Regent University School of Business & Leadership.
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New Century Dynamics Executive Search places a Strategic Marketing Consultant to support a rapidly growing direct-to-consumer subscription meal delivery company.
Jim Weber, President of New Century Dynamics Executive Search, and Managing Partner of ITB Partners, reports that he has helped a client find a Strategic Marketing Consultant to assist them in charting their future.
Working with the senior leadership team, this Consultant will drive the development and plan the execution of a comprehensive growth strategy to achieve the company’s objectives. This Consultant will evaluate the organization’s branding, digital & traditional marketing, partnerships, event planning, public relations, community outreach programs, and customer experience group.
I was 16 years old, living in Knoxville, TN, when the 1982 Worlds Fair occurred. The theme of the fair was energy. Energy, in all senses of the term. Thermodynamics was only a part of the fair’s concept. The idea was to gather as many nations as possible to demonstrate their concepts of how they plan to use all types of energy in the future. The fair was a success by almost all measurements. The fair showed me several options for how I could become more than who I was at the time. It helped to transform me to become a better person.
Knoxville committed to host the fair based on the agreement to develop Knoxville to host guest headcounts greater than anything Knoxville had ever experienced. All city infrastructure had to be upgraded, the roadways had to be redesigned and upgraded, the fair site established, and all other associated planning accomplished and executed in less than a decade. The milestone transformed the city and surrounding area from rural to metropolitan. The people of the region changed mindsets from local to global. There were not enough restaurants or hotels available during the fair to serve the millions of attendees.
A centerpiece of the fair was to be a tower called the Sunsphere. The initial concept for the tower was for it to be taller than the Eiffel Tower. The initial planning revealed there was neither enough time nor money to accomplish the tower at such a height. The ultimate outcome also required lowering the tower height during construction due to cumulative fair site work delays.
We talked about the topic of love last week. If love has any assurance to it, then it is people want to be loved. I remember during the summer of 1982 how much I wanted to be loved, as a part of transiting from boy to man. I wanted to be a meaningful part of the world, to help the world be a better place for everyone. You have heard from me you need to love your followers to succeed in any leadership role. I affirm this statement to you now. You will not, repeat…will not…succeed in your strategic planning efforts without the energy supplied by love.
We are going to cover now a concept for how you would do well to use energy to address the people problems you have with your strategic planning work not being accomplished as you prefer. We will leverage past discussions, learn more about the 1982 fair I attended, and combine things where you can form a plan to evaluate the candidates you have as you consider offering them a role in your organization where they will help complete your strategic planning work.
FOCUSED ENERGY
You have a tangible goal: derive a well-planned strategy. Knoxville had a tangible goal: be ready to go on May 1, 1982. I had a tangible goal: have a fantastic time as a teenager in 1982 while learning how I can be a part of the world that has come to my front door. Fear of failure is often a great motivator for change. We talked about fear during our past discussions. You, Knoxville, and I (the three of us) experienced time running out of our schedules to accomplish our respective goals. It became clear to me in 1981 that I needed help understanding the largeness of what I would experience at the fair. I purchased an unlimited access pass to the fair, and I attended the fair many times. Thankfully, there was a map available to help my young mind navigate the complex fair landscape. I was able to calm my excitement and be more effective during my visits to the pavilions, demonstration events, concerts, and other fair site activities. The key here for the three of us is the need to leverage the energy supplied by those trying to deliver love to us without us becoming overwhelmed in the size of the experience, the wonderfulness of the love, or immersing in a piece of the picture that will slow our forward progress.
ENOUGH MONEY
You have a budget to accomplish your strategic planning work. You are spending too much on your work because you are not getting the results you either need or want to accomplish the scope of your work. Knoxville had money and workers to develop the city and the fair site, but the complexity of the work often caused the planning of work packages to be less than optimal, pushing expenditures higher than budgeted. No worker can work effectively without specific tasking from specific planning. I was running out of time as a kid for free housing and food. I needed to find a means to get more work graduating high school in 1984 than my existing part-time job at a fast-food restaurant. I wanted to spend much more time at the fair than I had available to me, as I needed to work at my job. The key here for the three of us is having enough money goes with having a clear plan in hand. They both help contribute to having enough time to do what we need to do, to get where we need to go.
EFFECTIVE PLACEMENT
You need to place some new faces in some of the roles in your organization to help complete your strategic planning work. OK, maybe it is only one face, but I think it is more than a single face. Either changing roles for existing organization members or removing them from your organization is a huge impact for work that is behind schedule and over budget, as blame often flows easily during work delays. You are, effectively, going into organization design mode with the people changes you must accomplish.
Knoxville had to take their city that was not designed well by layout and derive a new roadway system, upgrade all utilities significantly, and help the lodging and hospitality industries be ready to serve what turned out to be millions of guests. This effort involved reworking the intersection of Interstates 75 and 40, which met in downtown Knoxville. The prior interchange was a horrible roadway design that would never function effectively with the addition of millions expected to attend the fair.
I was becoming more upset the more I attended the fair. I was humbled by the wonderful pavilion hostesses. They were lovely, professional, and quite intelligent. They each were between 24 to 28 years old, each selected by their countries after a rigorous selection progress established by each country. They melted my teenage heart. I was sad that they would leave and I would not see them again. I realized it was best I ask them as many questions as I could to understand not only their concepts of how they plan to use energy in the future are structured, but also about their country’s culture. Yes, to answer the question in your mind, I asked a few of them out on a date. They all turned me down. I trust it was due only to the age difference.
David Daniels shared with me his view on inclusion during the team selection step. “The concept of inclusion works best when you have identified your biases and understand how they might manifest themselves with your decisions as a leader. Your diverse team needs to be comprised of employees who share your values and buy into the mission of your organization. Your leaders need to ensure that every employee understands where they and their department fit into the big picture. Then, and only then, will you achieve the levels of engagement by the team that, in turn, optimizes this critical resource set who is unleashed to exceed expectations.” Effective team formation is not a bolt-on action. It is an inner-mixing action fed to a combustion chamber of the work the team is to accomplish. The day may come when battery-powered airplanes and cargo ships cross oceans. Until then, it is the combustion engine that moves both people and merchandise between continents. We must deliver our output each day, for yesterday is gone, and tomorrow is where we deliver our work outcomes. The concept of the combustion engine is relevant to the workplace of both today and the foreseeable future.
The key here for the three of us is knowing where we fit into the big picture. We each have a scope, a budget, and a schedule. We are each time-bound to accomplish our work. We cannot spend decades doing work that does not require decades. Now, don’t get me wrong. I agree time must be spent as appropriate. It is the appropriateness part that each leader must consider. I remember Dr. Beverly Crusher helped me learn this lesson. She helped me learn to measure with caution each time I must make this appropriateness decision. See if her worlds help you understand the appropriate aspect of how we spend our efforts.
WIDESPREAD COMMUNICATION
Your investors have charged you with the responsibility to accomplished the planning of the strategy they require you to achieve. Knoxville made a deal by their free choice with the Bureau International des Expositions to host the fair. I had life calling me to grow into adulthood, along with food and housing running out in a few years. The messages were each well-formed and delivered with clarity. Now, it is time for you to take the energy of those circumstances calling you and use it to your benefit.
You must form a message to an intended audience stating you have a work opportunity you want to be filled with a new face from a person either inside or outside of your organization for each role you need to be filled. This action is not merely a job posting from the personnel department, hoping a suitable candidate is supplied to you. The role opportunity is to accomplish specific work in an environment operated by…love. It will operate by love because you are leading the organization. You are convinced you must demonstrate love to your followers, you must serve them through this yet-to-be-defined leadership style called servant leadership, and you are certain the planning of your organization’s strategy must be accomplished with excellence. This combination is what Knoxville did, it is what I do now, and what I know you must do to realize success as a leader trying to accomplish your organization’s strategic planning. Perhaps you can reassign all of your people assigned to the work to new roles in the work. I doubt this option will work, but it is possible.
Knoxville took on more than they could accomplish with the 1982 fair. They needed help many times from many external organizations to both plan and do the preparation work. It was not clear things would be ready for opening day. I remember the Sunsphere was not finished until two days before opening day. Your strategic planning work not being accomplished as you prefer means you are about to be in the same mess as Knoxville was in the late 1970s. I remember the leaders of Knoxville becoming quite humble to ask for the help they needed. You may need to be more humble than you are now to identify those who you need to be a part of your organization to complete your strategic planning work. I see gaining more humility as a good thing. It is a good aspect of love, as love shares the loving experience and does not dominate those they love.
OUTCOMES
The Sunsphere still stands today. It is a good memory for those who were in Knoxville before the fair and afterward to see what happened, recall how it happened, and know things changed for the better.
I grew up, though having to walk many bumpy roads to get there. I see my summer of 1982 as a valuable contributor to not perishing along the way to get to our conversation now. I have thought of that summer often over the years.
You are looking to grow as a leader by gaining more effectiveness in your organization by adding some new folks to help with some of your organization’s work. I encourage you to take note of the experiences Knoxville and I went through. Finding the people you are hoping will join your organization needs not only help from those outside of your organization, but you also need healthy joy to get them to join your organization. It is not a matter of joining to do the work of an already accomplished plan. It is the condition where an organization cannot work because they do not have a plan that candidates must consider. Who wants to join an organization that has no work plan? Today, people revel in fame from things like social networking, politics, and many communal forms. A dysfunctional organization does not have fame, but perhaps they have shame. Use the energy of positive change potential you have in your hand now to your benefit. It will take more humility on your part to get the energy focused, placed, and communicated.
Now is not the time to assign blame for how things became as they are for your people. Now is the time for taking inventory of where you stand, counting the costs to get to where you want to go, and deciding if you want to pay the price to get there. If so, then it is now time to talk with those you consider offering to join your organization. Talk to them, but do not offer them a position. You are researching as of this point. If you are not ready to take the step to go and speak with those candidates, then we need to come up with another plan for you.
Remember, strategic planning work is perpetual. It never ends. The tangible of a plan to accomplish a strategy is not a piece of paper generated by executive leadership at an annual meeting. It is the collection of plans from the entire organization unified into a single plan. Concisely, one cannot lead if one cannot plan strategy. Execution of a strategy is much easier than deriving a strategy. Ease, in the form of knowing the right things to do. We talked about right and evil during past discussions. I know we need to talk about these terms more than what we have so far. Today, understand that healthy love, love supplied to people that helps builds them to become more humble, helps lead us to what is right, and helps keep us away from evil. I keep coming back to this thing called humble for a reason. It is because pride is a horrible means to lead anyone to do anything. Being proud is not a form of pride, but we can cover these terms another day. If I need to define the term humble, then please tell me.
Summarizing, you want people to be a part of your organization. Those people must want to be a part of your organization. You want them to want you. They want you to want to give them a job. This combination is more than a catchy lyric in a successful rock tune. It is a viable means to find the people you need to help you with your strategic planning work. Yes, I just said want must intersect with need in your staffing choices. You will find this collective wanting is what you need because you are convinced you must demonstrate love to your followers, you must serve them through this yet-to-be-defined leadership style called servant leadership, and you are certain the planning of your organization’s strategy must be accomplished with excellence.
So, I ask you: where do you want to go? I hope your answer is to develop the plans necessary to accomplish the strategy you know you need to achieve to arrive at your desired destination. If this is the case, then let’s get to work. If not, then I wish you the best of everything.
I hope we will see each other here next week. Email me if you need to talk before then.
Dr. Stephen H. Dawson, DSL
Executive Strategy Consultant
Dr. Stephen H Dawson
Stephen Dawson is an executive consultant of technology and business strategy, serving significant international organizations by providing leadership consulting, strategic planning, and executive communications. He has more than thirty years of service and consulting experience in delivering successful international business development and program management outcomes in the US and SE Asia. His weekly column, “Where Do You Want To Go?,” appears on Thursdays.
Dr. Dawson has served in the technology, banking, and hospitality industries. He is a noted strategic planning visionary. His pursuit of music has been matched with his efforts to lead by service to followers. He holds the clear understanding a leader without followers is a person taking a long walk alone.
Stephen has lived his life in the eastern United States, visiting most of the United States and several countries. He is a graduate of the Regent University School of Business & Leadership. Contact him at service@shdawson.com.
I hope you enjoyed our point of view and would like to receive regular posts directly to your email inbox. Toward this end, put your contact information on my mailing list.
Your feedback helps me continue to publish articles that you want to read. Your input is very important to me so; please leave a comment.
James Weber is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting featuring Dave Daniels:
Dave will present the IDI (Intercultural Development Inventory) assessment. It is the most effective global D & I evaluation with its focus on leadership development surrounding inclusion. He will offer the ITB membership a no-cost assessment accompanied by two one-hour consulting sessions, again at no cost. This off is limited to the first 5 ITB members that request it through my email.
David Daniels, Daniels Consulting
Dave Daniels is an accomplished Senior Business and Human Resource executive with a proven track record of developing, implementing, and delivering upon both short and long-term results. He has held management and executive-level positions with companies large and small throughout the United States. Dave has managed his career in a way that provides him with an exceptional breadth of experience and capacity to contribute to improving brand and financial results for his employer in every capacity he has served.
His business approach is intended to exceed financial objectives by requiring and inspiring exceptional capabilities on the part of all team members. He is an accomplished facilitator and leader of results-oriented, cross-functional teams. He is most thankful and proud of his tenure as part of the McDonald’s Corporate Diversity team where he was recognized for his positive impact by being selected as an Accelerated Executive candidate. This profound contribution led to his tenure as the Sr. Regional Manager in Nashville, the fourth largest Region in the domestic system at that time. His extensive travels have contributed immensely to his understanding of diversity in a very broad sense.
In my last article, as part of my series on conducting “good” Marketing Research, I discussed the importance of asking the “Right” Questions, and some of the perils of not doing so.
In this article, I’m going to delve more deeply into the importance of choosing the “Right” people to include in your survey.
Since it is usually impossible (or impractical) to survey ALL of the people in a population, the critical issue in selecting the “Right” people is the sample design. When designing a sample for research, it is critical to watch for and avoid 5 types of errors.
Sampling Error – Sampling error is unavoidable. Whenever you take a sample of observations from a population to estimate that population, you will grapple with sampling error. The sample is never exactly the same as the entire population. However, the good news is that statistical theory provides a method to estimate and minimize the degree of sampling error.
Sampling error is affected primarily by the size of the sample drawn from the population. The larger the sample, the lower the sampling error. Designing an effective sample for a study is balancing the size of the sample with the budget you have for the study.
For example, a random sample of 400 from a large population will yield an estimated sampling error of +/- 4.8% at the 5% level of confidence. This means that you can be 95% sure that the data you generate from your survey will be within +/-4.8% of the population parameter. Of course, a sample of 500 would reduce the sampling error to +/-4.3%. Conversely, a sample of 300 would be less costly but would increase the sampling error to +/-5.6%. Considering sample error only, the sample size decision is based on your budget and your tolerance for error. Does a 0.5% reduction in sampling error justify the additional cost for a sample of 500? Can you accept a 0.8% increase in sampling error with a less costly sample of 300?
You also need to account for any sub-groups that you wish to analyze in your sample. A total sample size of 400 may be adequate for total sample analysis, but if you want to compare results by particular market segments, you may need to increase the total sample size to provide enough observations by segment.
The other four errors are referred to as Non-Sampling Errors. Unfortunately, these errors cannot be measured statistically, but they can be mitigated through careful sample design and selection.
Population Specification Error occurs when the population from which the sample is to be drawn does not match the objectives of the study. For example, I once managed a project to identify the key factors driving the purchase decision of a type of industrial equipment. We interviewed a sample of Purchasing Managers from our target industries who were thought to be the decision-makers for this category. But when we completed the study, the results were inconclusive. Price emerged as the only attribute that was perceived to be important. Further investigation revealed that while the final purchase decision was indeed made by a Purchasing Manager, it was the Plant Engineer who determined the specifications and vendors. The Purchasing Managers only negotiated prices and contract terms and executed the transaction. Repeating the study among Plant Engineers, the more relevant population, identified the key technical specifications that were driving the purchase decision.
Sample Frame Error is similar to Population Specification Error. However, instead of choosing the wrong population, you choose the wrong subgroup or groups from within the population. This error is commonly encountered when a survey is conducted without any quota controls. For example, very often women are more willing to answer consumer surveys than men. Without any controls, your data may be improperly skewed toward women. Setting a minimum quota for men in you sample plan can limit this error. Likewise, if a key constituency of your research is the Latino segment and your survey is programmed only in English, you will likely under-represent the Latino segment.
Self-Selection Error occurs because you can’t force people to answer your surveys; people have the option to respond or not. The results may become biased if those who do select to respond differ substantively from those who do not. This happens a lot in customer satisfaction surveys. People who tend to be dissatisfied are more likely to respond to such a survey to voice their complaints about poor service, introducing a negative bias to your results.
Non-Response Error occurs when there is a practical difference between people who respond and those who fail to respond to your survey. For example, if you are conducting a political poll and the members of one party generally refuse to participate in the survey, your results will be skewed to the opinions of only one party.
Self-selection and Non-response errors are extremely common in almost every type of marketing research. You can’t measure these errors and therefore don’t know the impact on the data you collect. There are ways that you can reduce the impact of these errors by encouraging a higher, more random participation rate by:
Offering incentives (cash, coupons, prize drawings, information) for completed interviews
Utilization of respondent panels made up of people who opt-in to surveys
Short, simple, neat, and clean survey design that encourages participation
A distinct and credible promise of confidentiality and anonymity
A clear description of the purpose of the survey and assurance that it is not a sales pitch
Follow-up with reminder invitations to non-responders
In summary, to interview the “Right” people:
Keep focused on the objectives of the research!
Make sure that you clearly know the identity of your target respondent
Optimize the size of your sample within your budget to minimize sampling error
Clearly identify the Population and Subgroups that define your target respondent
Mitigate self-selection and non-response biases by providing incentives, using opt-in panels, good survey planning, and survey design, assuring confidentiality and anonymity, clearly describing your purpose, and sending reminders
Look for the final installment in this series, Asking at the “Right” Time, next week.
For more on this and other Marketing Research topics, follow me on LinkedIn or reach out to me at carl_fusco@yahoo.com if I can help you in any way.
Carl Fusco
Carl Fusco is an accomplished Marketing Research Consultant who helps businesses more effectively solve problems by applying research techniques and data-based insights.
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New Century Dynamics Announces the completion of Two Search Assignments!
Jim Weber – Managing Partner, ITB Partners
Jim Weber, President of New Century Dynamics Executive Search, and Managing Partner of ITB Partners has completed two searches for Restaurant Operations Managers.
These placements are for separate clients, both small but growing restaurant chains based in Northeastern Ohio.
During these Searches, Jim Weber vetted many outstanding candidates who may be suitable for your needs.
I have what is called the tea-tip theory. This theory was established by me in 1985. It helps determine food server gratuity. The theory works as follows:
Keep my tea glass filled, and there will be a tip. Otherwise, the tip remains a theory and no reality.
This theory was formed based on my realization I must not have held the same belief system as the food servers of my past who were unable to understand my consuming a beverage during my meal is what I meant when I asked them to keep my tea glass filled during my meal. I did not want further misunderstandings to occur between seller and buyer by way of a foreign concept. So, I take action since then to assure there is no doubt present in how I ask to be served.
This theory helped lead me over the years to learning there is only one of me. Furthermore, there is only one of each person. We are each one-of-a-kind. Now, I am a big fan of uniformity. There are times when it is both fitting and necessary in life. Over the years, I have come to realize there does not have to be uniformity among all things with people to get what I want in life. So, living with my being a foreigner who lives with foreigners is fine with me. This acceptance is nice since this is the way it is for all of us one-of-a-kind creatures.
We have talked at length about your strategic planning work not being accomplished as you prefer. We know it is not a skills problem, nor is it a workspace problem. We know we have a people problem. We have looked at diversity along with inclusion in researching who you need to consider joining your organization to do your strategic planning work. We are not sold yet either some or all of the people doing the work now need to either stop doing the work or leave your organization. All we know for certain now is you need more people to join your organization as full members, not on loan by way of matrix-supplied labor.
Uniformity seems to be multiplying in the cultures of the world. I see it is driven by the Internet interconnecting us to each other through smartphones. We are forming into groups of binary viewpoints of right and wrong on almost every topic imaginable. It is a combination of groups with clear formations in ideologies and structures. These groups have those who consider themselves right by their members, while those who do not hold the same view are considered wrong. I addressed some of this topic last week and also recently. I am talking much more than global workers, immigration, and refugees. I am talking about our neighbor next door and our towns, regardless of their citizenship and work permit. I wonder if we can have a culture anywhere that does not harm one another based on the justification attempts for right and wrong. I am not sure this is possible much longer, as I am watching many in this world become quite angry and hedge on the edge of great violence.
WHO CARES?
Claudia Fontes’s work caught my eye with how she views the concept of foreigners. I have never met her, but her viewpoint resonates with me to encapsulate how this people problem you are facing can be resolved effectively by consideration of diversity and inclusion. The term foreigners seems to be used more and more as a pejorative. Meaning, it is bad to be a foreigner. You are looking for new people to join your organization so you can pay them to do work for you. Do you want them to feel any form of discrimination as they are a part of your organization? If not, then they must either be a good foreigner or not a foreigner at all. Allowing them to be harmed by either discrimination or as a pejorative target are examples of the evil I spoke of last week.
SO WHAT?
I doubt anyone today will have a job until they die. I hold this belief because of how fast technology is changing the world. You, as a leader, will also most likely need to change jobs at some point in your career. What if your culture’s political system changes to the point where you either decide you need to leave or are asked to leave? Dr. Yuri Andreyevich Zhivago went through this exact scenario. I encourage you to learn about his story if you have not already. It is a story of a nation about a century ago that decided they would discard many things about their nation to form a new culture based on force. This learning should also help prepare you for the discussion we need to have soon on the topic of love. Besides, a local person who feels like they have to obtain either a literal or metaphorical work permit to be a part of your organization is already feeling like a foreigner. Leave the difficulties of encouraging people to join your organization aside, but focus on the skills the candidates hold and how those skills match your organization’s needs.
David Daniels wrote an article about bias occurring during the hiring process. Dave shared recently with me, “Most companies today are using some form of an assessment in the selection process. How most are using this tool is often illegal but more importantly, fraught with potential bias.” Dave and I agree about requisite skills being present among organization members based on their role in the organization. Dave went on to say to me during our recent conversation about diversity and inclusion, “No D & I expert worth their salt would ever suggest hiring and/or promoting a person who is not the most qualified person for the position.” It is reasonable to say there are no viable means to know skill levels without conducting an objective measurement process.
WHAT IS NEXT?
Rebecca Knight shared all candidates are imperfect. I add all candidates are also foreigners. Getting comfortable with the fact there is no applicant having all you need for any role is a good move at this point. The best next move I recommend to you is understanding differentiation. The new member or members of your organization most likely will want to fit into the organization, but they are coming to help change the organization for the better. They may want to look the same as others, but they will not. They will stand out and be in the limelight for a good while. They will either be liked or disliked by your organization’s members. Positioning them for success means helping your existing organization members understand why the new members are needed. Then, you are able to begin the work of differentiating your strategic planning work to accomplish both new and more significant outcomes. It is at this point you are giving to your people what they are craving to receive from you: love.
Remember, our initial meeting started with you asking why your strategic planning work is not going as you prefer. The work of leading an organization successfully requires a servant’s mindset to be held by the leader. Leadership is not about achieving fame or fortune. Those outcomes may arrive after success in a leadership role, but doing the work of a leader day after day is what you are faced with now. This work never ends until the day arrives when you stop leading. Perhaps you should stop leading this organization where you cannot plan your strategy. I brought up this point for you to consider a few weeks back. Rest assured, the larger the role, the larger the work required to accomplish the role. The opportunity you have now to move people around in your organization is a key component of leading. Needing to move some people around is not a direct sign of failure. Not doing whatever it is you need to do both is and always will be a clear sign of leadership failure.
I encourage you to spend time this week working on more of your research to determine who you need to remove from your strategic planning work, what you need in terms of skills to do the remaining work, and see who you have for qualified candidates. Next week, we will begin the work to look at those candidates. Next week starts the part where most leaders quit on the servant part of leading. I will wait until next week to show you why this is the case.
So, I ask you: where do you want to go? I hope your answer is to develop the plans necessary to accomplish the strategy you know you need to achieve to arrive at your desired destination. If this is the case, then let’s get to work. If not, then I wish you the best of everything.
I hope we will see each other here next week. Email me if you need to talk before then.
Dr. Stephen H. Dawson, DSL
Executive Strategy Consultant
Stephen Dawson is an executive consultant of technology and business strategy, serving significant international organizations by providing leadership consulting, strategic planning, and executive communications. He has more than thirty years of service and consulting experience in delivering successful international business development and program management outcomes in the US and SE Asia. His weekly column, “Where Do You Want To Go?,” appears on Thursdays.
Dr. Dawson has served in the technology, banking, and hospitality industries. He is a noted strategic planning visionary. His pursuit of music has been matched with his efforts to lead by service to followers. He holds the clear understanding a leader without followers is a person taking a long walk alone.
Stephen has lived his life in the eastern United States, visiting most of the United States and several countries. He is a graduate of the Regent University School of Business & Leadership. Contact him at service@shdawson.com.
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Download the eBook to learn about the 48 proven strategies for success for local marketing. For example, the eBook can be used as a reference manual.
In other words, it can be useful for CEOs, CMOs, franchisees, operators, and “Mom & Pop” owners of brick & mortar operations. Several of the 48 proven strategies for success are useful for service area operations such as home services.
How to use this eBook
As the CEO of a multi-unit operation, you could download the eBook and give it to your operations and marketing teams.
For example, if you are the head of marketing for a multi-unit brick & mortar business, you could use it for ideas and ways to challenge your team.
And most importantly. if you own a brick & mortar business or are the franchisee of any retail or restaurant chain, use the 48 proven strategies for success to augment the marketing tactics your franchisor provides.
What is local marketing?
Local marketing is marketing to the people who live and work in your trade area and have a propensity to buy your services and/or offerings.
Local marketing used to be simple. To market your business in a local area, business owners used to join the local chamber, send direct mail postcards, buy a yellow-pages ad or perhaps even walk the trade area to introduce themselves to other local businesses, schools, banks, etc. in the neighborhood.
One of my favorite stories is about a small business owner who had the misfortune of being located in a strip center with two other businesses that sold the same wares. The store on the right advertised that they were having a sale, and everything was 10% off. The store on the left followed suit and put up a banner that said everything was 15% off. What was our owner to do?
He also put a banner over his front door that said:
MAIN ENTRANCE
Which door would you enter?
Examples:
#2 is how to optimize your Google My Business (GMB) page
#8 explains the importance of email marketing
#22 how to use local service ads for service-area businesses
#31 about how direct mail still works
#37 explains how to deal with the constant request for donations
#40 on how to use various kinds of signage to promote your business
In addition to ITB Partners, Doug works as a fractional CMO with Chief Outsiders. Chief Outsiders is the largest fractional CMO firm in the USA. As a result, Chief Outsiders is home to 75+ chief marketing officers who specialize in helping small to mid-sized companies grow.
Our Client, a subscription-based meal delivery service, is looking to expand its Marketing & Development team. Although our kitchen is in the Northeast, this opportunity is remote–the east coast time zone is a must.
The meals are packed into food-safe, recyclable pouches to lock in the freshness, flavors, and nutrients of the ingredients. We are seeking enthusiastic talent interested in working in a fast-paced and rapidly growing environment.
We are looking for a Leader of our Customer Experience team — moving us from a service center to a sales and retention center. We want someone who has no desire to go along with the status quo and, instead, pushes themselves and others to challenge, reimagine, optimize and innovate. This is the ideal position for someone ready to move to the next level in their career …. build the position into a critical part of the business operation.
What the Role Involves
Manage, scale and empower your team of Customer Experience professionals.
Own the expansion and retention of our client base throughout the customer lifecycle
Oversee continued development of our success strategy and its execution
Manage all customer success activities including onboarding, training/education, renewals, and customer advocacy
Interface collaboratively with Marketing, Product, and Development leaders
Measure and improve Customer Experience effectiveness by defining and executing on operational metrics
Define and monitor successful client adoption and usage of our product
Ideally, You Have
4+ years experience leading, scaling, and mentoring a customer experience team in a high growth subscription environment
Proven track record of coaching and mentoring high-performance teams
You are obsessed with client value delivery, retention, onboarding, and activation
Demonstrated desire for continuous learning and improvement
Analytical and process-oriented mindset
Experience in working with development teams to automate reporting, analysis, and data capture
Comfortable working with CRM tools such as ZenDesk or Zoho
Expert in the use of Excel or Google Sheets
Success in managing remote teammates
This is an “At Will” full-time salaried, exempt position. Medical, dental, and other benefits at a competitive cost. 401k available after 90 days. Sick time and unlimited vacation plan.
Our Client is an equal opportunity employer. We value a diverse workforce and an inclusive culture. We encourage applications from all qualified individuals without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, national origin, marital status, disability, and veteran status.
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Is there enough time to conduct the research? Sometimes you just don’t have the time you need to conduct the research that is necessary. Early in my career, a product manager asked me to provide a proposal to research a new product innovation that was under development. It was the end of March. I was excited by the chance to build a comprehensive research program to assess the feasibility of a product, not only new to the company but a true innovation in the industry. I wrote a proposal that included secondary research, qualitative research, and a number of step-wise quantitative studies, all culminating in an estimate of demand for the new product. The whole program would take 12-15 months, which I felt was pretty efficient considering the scope. But the product manager rejected my plan, not because of the expense, but because of the timing. You see, the product under development was already scheduled to be launched on November 2 of that same year. The launch was on a published schedule at a major industry conference and the company CEO was already slated to make the announcement. So, there was no time to execute any research to support the development and launch of the product.
Are you blessed with too much time? I once rushed a research project into the field at the end of the year to make sure that we used up the money that was in our budget. It was a prudent thing to do from a budgetary standpoint, but it wasn’t effective for the business. I presented the results of the research in January of the following year, only to find that the insights were no longer relevant because the entire marketing program upon which the research was predicated was to be radically changed in the next month.
Do you need to have measurements before and after an event or campaign? If you are conducting a Pre-Post study, you must be sure that the Pre phase of the research is completed before the event that you want to measure in the Post phase begins. If you are measuring the effectiveness of an advertising campaign, the Pre phase must be completed before the ad campaign is launched. Sometimes, it’s impossible to conduct a Pre phase. For example, last April, I was asked if we could compare attitudes of people about healthcare before the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time, without a 1985 DeLorean equipped with a Flux Capacitor, it was impossible to conduct a Pre COVID-19 survey.
Can your timing be interrupted by external forces? I was managing a packaging test for a brand of fruit juices utilizing personal interviews in three cities. We had a tight timeline to finish the research to provide input to the manufacturer to coincide with the completion of the packaging production facility. Everything was right on schedule until the interviewing facility outside of Los Angeles had to evacuate due to out-of-control wildfires. Fortunately, no one was hurt, but external forces beyond our control delayed our project by a full week.
Is this a good time to be conducting any research? There may not be a “Right” time to conduct a research project and perhaps the best decision is to delay or not do any research. For example, you shouldn’t be testing a new technology before you have a working prototype. I once tried to test a new smartphone concept in focus groups when we only had a wooden model to show respondents. They could not understand the concept at all. Delaying the research until we could better demonstrate the product led to more useful insights.
Marketing Research is Simple…
